Book Report Angelas Ashes Essay - 881 Words

Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt A Look at Irish Culture during the Depression Era Frank Mc Court, the author of Angela’s Ashes, was born during the Great Depression. A few years after immigrating to the United States because their families believed they would find their fortune here, his Irish family moved back to Ireland in hopes of a better life. They were met with only more hardships in their native country. His book shows the struggle and small joys of daily life with siblings, school friends, and the adults in his life. It also provides much insight into the way the people in Ireland lived at that time. The author tells the story from the viewpoint of Frank, the oldest child of a father whose background in quot;the Northquot;†¦show more content†¦There is also quot;the drinkquot;-- the disease of Irish fathers who spend their weeks wages in the pub on Friday night. (p. 184) Frank’s mother was forced to seek ‘Relief,’ the Irish version of America’s welfare system. She also sought help from the Catholic and Protestant Church in feeding her family. The iron in the book was that help was not given out without an accompanying sermon, in hopes of persuasion to join one or the other. Mc Court depicts those in charge of the Relief system as being biased and unchristian type of people who looked down on those they were in a position to help. (p. 150) There are many amusing stories in the book revolving around the way the young children had to fend for themselves while their parents sought work. In an effort to keep their apartment heated throughout an especially cold winter, the children tore apart the furniture, and when that was gone they began to use the wood from the walls. When the landlord came to see the apartment, he commented that he thought he had rented them a 4-room apartment when it was only a 3-room, not realizing they had torn out an entire wall. (p. 79) Even those relatives who had some money were not always eager to help the family. They were critical of the drunken father and for the mother who continued having children they could not support. Ironically, however, when there was a death in the family, everyone showed upShow MoreRelated Angelas Ashes Essay3577 Words   |  15 Pages Angela’s Ashes Title: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The title of this book is Angela’s Ashes. The title doesn’t make a lot of sense because the story about Angela’s cremation and her lost ashes is found in part two of the book. However, ashes do appear in the book in relation to Angela. An example of this would be the ashes from Angela’s Woodbine cigarettes. And another example would be Angela sitting next to the ashes from the fireplace during hard times. Author: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;FrankRead MoreReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagespublisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any afï ¬ liation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. Pearson Education is not responsible for the content of third party internet sites. ISBN 978-0-273-72622-7 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hollensen, Svend. Global marketing : a decision-orientedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical ReasoningRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMauritius 399 67 East Africa 352 1 Trinidad 302 37 Guyana 268 48 Fiji 198 49 Singapore 104 35 94 8 Surinam Total 4,609 Sources: Calculated from data in Galina V. Selegen, â€Å"The First Report on the Recent Population Census in the Soviet Union,† Population Studies 14, no. 1 (1960): 17–27; L. T. Badenhorst, â€Å"The Future Growth of the Population of South Africa and Its Probable Age,† Population Studies 4, no. 1 (1950): 3–46; Angus Maddison’sRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages1904 Ganot published an English, Ibo and French dictionary, based on the Onitsha dialect, and in 1907 Zappa published a French-Igbo dictionary based on a Western Igbo dialect. Northcote W. Thomas devoted four of the six volumes of his Anthropological report on the Ibo-speaking peoples of Nigeria to language, three of them being essentially lexicographic. Part II (1913) consists of an English-Ibo and Ibo-English dictionary, based on the Awka and Onitï€ ¬sha dialects. It has a rather complex and non-phonemic

The Different Characters Of Dante And Dantes Inferno

Most people have many different personalities. While you could be nice to one person, a flip could switch and you could be the meanest person; this is quite like that of Dante in Inferno. Dante has two different â€Å"personalities†: writer of the poem and a character in the poem. There is a very unique relation between Dante the poet and Dante the pilgrim. This is that without one, Dante wouldn’t be a whole person. Throughout the novel, these differences in â€Å"Dante†, affect the story greatly. Without either Dante, there would be no balance; each of the Dante’s balance out the other. The novel begins when Dante is alone in the woods and is scared. As Dante tries to walk towards heaven , he is stopped by what is know as the three divisions of†¦show more content†¦However, Dante the poet puts Bruno in this circle and Brunetto receives an awful punishment. In this circle, those who are sodomites live in a desert of burning sand and rain falling from the sky. If they stop for one moment they would lay under flames for 100 years and not be able to fan them off. Dante asked, â€Å"Master, will these torments be increased, or lessened, on the final Judgment Day, or will the pain be just the same as now?†, Dante is showing that he cares about these people and the if these punishments will be lessesned (6.103-105). Many times, Dante the poet and Dante the pilgrim’s emotions do not line up. Dante the pilgrim on the other hand is a completely different person. He himself has done wrong and is often trying to help people do better. When he and the Virgil travel through hell, Dante is changed greatly. As he proceeds through hell, Dante is changed because of the way he acts to each punishment; which is one way he becomes like Dante the poet. In the beginning, Dante the pilgrim is often overwhelmed by Hell and the punishments many endure. He shows this by fainting or being frightened. In the second circle, the circle of Lust, Dante is overwhelmed by Francescas story andShow MoreRelated Dantes Inferno Essay888 Words   |  4 Pages Dantes use of allegory in the Inferno greatly varies from Platos quot;Allegory of the Cavequot; in purpose, symbolism, characters and mentors, and in attitude toward the world. An analysis of each of these elements in both allegories will provide an interesting comparison. Dante uses allegory to relate the sinners punishment to his sin, while Plato uses allegory to discuss ignorance and knowledge. Dantes Inferno describes the descent through Hell from the upper level of the opportunists toRead MoreLewis And The Silent Planet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Influence of Dante in Out of the Silent Planet All throughout Lewis novels there is evidence that clearly connects the themes and symbolism from other aspects of traditional Christian literature both during and before he began writing. 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All of these arguments have their own merit and while there are instances where a Dantean infl uence can be seen throughout Paradise Lost, Milton’s progression ofRead MoreThe Inferno Of Dante Alighieri1647 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Inferno of Dante Alighieri† translated by Ciaran Carson, originally written by Dante himself is a classical piece of literature. It is the first part of Dante’s three part epic poem entitled, â€Å"The Divine Comedy†. â€Å"The Inferno of Dante Alighieri† transports the reader into a gradual ride, going from an familiar and earthly land, to descending the depths of Hell in the search of salvation. The imagery conjured up while reading this book is plentiful as Dante’s writing is impeccable. NaturallyRead MoreThe Divine Comedy And Dantes Inferno1079 Words   |  5 Pagesthe poet Dante Alighieri shares a much different view within his book The Divine Comedy: Inferno. Dante was born and raised in Italy and therefore had a natural hate for everything Greek related. The Inferno was written thousands of ye ars after the Trojan war, and yet Dante still had a burning grudge against the Greeks for the way in which they defeated the Romans. Dante also validated his hatred by claiming he had family ties to the ancient Romans. In The Inferno, the main character Dante meets withRead MoreThe Allegorical Mechanisms Used by Dante in his Inferno863 Words   |  3 PagesOnce said by Dante, â€Å"In the middle of the journey of our life I came to myself within a dark wood where the straightway was lost.† Dante consciously realizes that he’s â€Å"lost†, and sees no clear path before him. He’s at a standpoint of his life where the path of the future isn’t clearly seen. He must now find his path and his true purpose by descending down into the Inferno. Therefore, although Dante reflects the most informed theological thought on hell, he is certainly not constrained by it (Barolini)Read MoreThe Divine Comedy By Dante Alighieri1277 Words   |  6 PagesDante Alighie ri wrote the Divine Comedy from 1308-1320. The story narrates Dante’s pilgrimage through hell, purgatory, and heaven while guided by Virgil and Beatrice. Throughout this journey Dante conforms himself to virtue, properly orders his passions, and conforms his conscience, â€Å"Dante s psychopoiesis operates through the mimetic deformation, reformation, and transformation of conscience† (Macready, 2). This essay will examine what a true conscience is according to the Catechism of the CatholicRead MoreThe Divine Comedy : The Carlyle Wicksteed Translation1477 Words   |  6 Pagesharder than expected to actually read and not really what I was expecting in terms of plot. In 2010 Electronic Arts published a video game for Dante’s Inferno and it turns out they neglected a lot of the actual story and filled in gaps with their own ideas, even going so far as to take Beatrice out of heaven and put her in hell with Lucifer. While Dante’s Inferno may be simple in ot her media, the book was probably too much for me to hope to have fully grasped it in one read through. The first aspectRead MoreThe Question of Justice in Dantes The Inferno and Shakespeares The Tempest1405 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion of Justice in Dantes The Inferno and Shakespeares The Tempest Dante Alighieri lived in the 13th- and 14th centuries Florence, Italy, and wrote his famous comedy The Inferno in response to the political and social events of his environment. William Shakespeare lived in late 16th and early 17th centuries and his play The Tempest is a critical commentary on the problems facing England at the time. Despite the fact that the two authors lived in different societies at different times, both authorsRead MoreReligion In Dantes Inferno By Dante Alighieri And Song Of Roland1502 Words   |  7 Pagesis also known as a particular system of faith and worship. In this paper, I will be discussing how important religion is in two works respectively. The two works that I have chosen is, Inferno by Dante Alighieri and Song of Roland by Unknown author. The pursuit or interest to which both of the main characters ascribed to as supreme importance is Jesus Christ of Nazareth through Christianity. Christianity is based on the Bible as sacred scripture, and professed by Eastern, Roman Catholic and protestant

Supply Chain Challenges and Solutions Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Challenges and Solutions in Zara Clothing Company. Answer: Introduction Since the presentation of the term supply chain management (SCM) in 1982, it has gotten continually developing interest both in the writing and additionally from mechanical rehearse. A purpose behind this may be that it has such a large number of aspects and that the undertakings of finishing the points of SCM are demanding to the point that it is more a progressing try than a solitary here and now extend. This expansive extent of SCM causes the trouble of finding an appropriate definition and depiction of the term. Taking after the proposition of Amit et al, (2016), a supply chain (SC) is a system of associations that are included, through upstream and downstream linkages in the diverse procedures and exercises that deliver an incentive as items and services in the hand of a definitive customer. This definition focuses on that every one of the exercises along an SC ought to be outlined by the requirements of the clients to be served. Therefore, (a definitive) the buyer is best case scenario a vital piece of an SC. The primary concentrate is on the request satisfaction processes and comparing material, monetary and data streams. In the event that the authoritative units have a place with one single undertaking, an intra-hierarchical SC is given. Here, various leveled coordination is conceivable and winning. While progressive coordination in universally working ventures is as of now a requesting errand, the genuine test emerges in a between authoritative SC where various leveled coordination is no longer conceivable. Despite the fact that there is a rational perspective of what an SC speaks to, there are various meanings of the term SCM. The definition proposed here is not absolutely new but rather tries to remove the quintessence of existing recommendations: Supply chain mana gement (SCM) is the errand of incorporating authoritative units along an SC and planning materials, data and money related streams keeping in mind the end goal to satisfy (extreme) client requests with the point of enhancing the aggressiveness of the SC all in all (Anne Juha, 2011). The importance of SCM delineates a definitive point of SCM, to be specific enhancing the intensity of an SC in general. This is accomplished by coordinating the SC in a reasonable, key position contrasted with its rivals (this is in accordance with the thoughts of Porte for a solitary organization). An imperative intends to accomplish this point is consumer loyalty. This demonstrates the breakdown of qualities and shortcomings of an SC in a focused or competitive market. Focusing on request qualifiers and request champs, a procedure is proposed for market division taken after by the re-designing of a particular request satisfaction prepare for each market portion. The top of the place of SCM lays on two columns, 'joining of hierarchical units' and 'coordination of streams'. Challenges for SCM and predictions The complications challenging supply chain management (SCM) as practice and theory originate from their interchange and disorder. The examination announced here uncovers the significant holes amongst practice and theory. Seemingly a good outcome could be a dissimilar and liberated from the existing collection of measurements that are mostly, yet entirely involved. Such a made volume might perform as the referee of demand and supply. A few respondents conceived that this development can be strengthened via the advancement of the notion. Then again, some observers suggest the necessity of rethinking the purchasing measure. A related test is to expand the extent of SCM contribution the "circular segment of a mix". This must be accomplished if the empowering agents recognized above are tackled all the more viable the more prominent straightforwardness of data and information, the arrangement of suitable connections, and the outline and utilization of fitting estimations. So what are the prospects for the eventual fate of SCM? There do seem, by all accounts, to be a few patterns working for a higher profile and a more created part for supply management. In any case, we propose they miss the mark concerning the all the more all-out cases of a large portion of the backers. We propose that plans of action and supply chain practices are changing a couple (Byoung-Chun Hyunjeong, 2016). In the first place, supply chain management can be viewed as a major aspect of a more extensive arrangement of patterns including outsourcing, cross-limit working, new authoritative structures portrayed by smoothed chains of importance, groups, strengthening et cetera as opposed to unbending charge and control. These patterns exhibit an open door for the improvement of SCM. Second, the pattern towards outsourcing and the expanding significance of intangibles elevates the requirement for, and the capability of, supply chain management. As contract assembling turns into the standard so the esteem included part of brand proprietors who have esteemed relations with clients are perceived as having imperative elusive resources and abilities. Third, the pattern towards fracture and assortment in item and administration offerings requires more noteworthy thought and ability in overseeing decoupling focuses and deferment of conclusive item creation. Henceforth, the drivers affecting regard for urgent issues of arrangement are unquestionably present yet this does not imply that the undertaking is given to supply chain pros. This for sure gives off an impression of being the wellspring of much perplexity; basically on the grounds that there is a clear requirement for somebody to take a helicopter perspective of the entire landscape does not imply this occurs by and by. There are without a doubt issues of expert status and standing encroaching here. In many firms, the supply chain work (in whatever pretense it happens to embrace) seldom has the political remaining to permit it to take the order of these basic key issues. Fourth, globalization requires more prominent consideration regarding logistics and to other part components of supply chain management. Similar contentions noted above in connection to fracture likewise repeat here. The need is clear; the ability to react is risky and indeterminate. The scattering of hubs in the supply chain over the landmasses offers new business chances to cargo dealing with organizations and outside logistics suppliers. In any case, these intercessions can't be depicted as constituting "supply chain management" in the all-encompassing faculties portrayed in the early piece of this paper. There are more extensive strengths affecting everything outsourcing, worldwide sourcing, unpredictable client request, elevated rivalry, shorter item life cycles, and customization. At that point there is the move to vitality rented combine focuses, contract makers, trailblazers who advertise an idea and have others make it et cetera. According to Elliot et al, (2016), the falsification that "supply chain management" is a model of intercession or an independent teach which is successfully thinking about these strengths is a misrepresentation. This is not a field where a conveniently oversaw action is in progress. All things considered, the change of mentality activated by the heavenly body of powers as portrayed in this paper and somewhere else could give the chance to modern and proficient administrators to take part in practices which estimated to the vision as depicted previously. There could be a professionalization opportunity here or possibly a pathway for further word related advancement. Scope of Managed Supply Chain activities Connecting to the supply chain and "interfering" with tasks of suppliers was reasonably strange. Exclusions related to significant undertakings, e.g., Efficient Customer Response (ECR) in general store retailing. The presumption that supply chains are managed by operational traders who influence suppliers to accommodate might be extensively right in the industry with some worldwide extensive constructing agents, however, it is an assumption which doesnt apply in diverse segments. In reality, in many occurrences, the turnaround may remain constant. In-part ECR generalizability is uncertain. Such as, the inquiries exposed pure reposition, even from the supporters of ECR: effective brand holders some of the time opposed client drove endeavors at supply chain management (Gensheng George, 2011). In spite of this obvious absence of all-encompassing SCM, we found confirmation of inside centered mix endeavors, especially inside all around scattered supply chains. Such endeavors tended both to streamline control while diminishing expenses and process durations inside inward logistics exercises. For instance, Zara Clothing Company had restricted any more than two cross-mainland airfreight moves amid segment producing operations which were conveyed far and wide. Endeavors to enhance inner practical co-appointment extended from the arrangement of senior supervisors with assigned obligations to the selection of operational people with particular responsibility for chose limit traversing exercises. Between these extremes, the organization of formal cross-practical groups was utilized by some to enhance pipeline joining. In specific cases, advanced key execution pointers (KPIs) were concurred and checked between SC accomplices. Frequently as adjusted scorecards, these measures were weighted to drive SC to rehearse in a specific heading. Client orientated measures were adjusted to inside needs. The shortcomings of such formalized execution estimation frameworks were made up for by down to business special case strategies (Hugos, 2006). Zara Clothing Co. created (in addition to other things) two noteworthy distinctive items: from one perspective, "off-the-rack" items, and on the other "completely altered frameworks". Off-the-rack items had a tendency to be high volume, low assortment and low esteem things that would move through the logistics framework (counting a scope of distribution channels) to the end client. Completely redid frameworks, then again, were high esteem, very modified frameworks made to particular client prerequisites. Zara Clothing Co. utilized venture administrators to guarantee that the frameworks were introduced to client prerequisites both regarding determination and course of events, and they even set-up devoted distribution centers the world over to encourage establishment as required. The extension was comparable for supplying washing and showering items to an extensive variety of retail clients. In any case, the principle contrast here was that they didn't have contact with the end purchaser. The tightest (however incomprehensible the most obviously "oversaw") degree was a proposed supply chain. The degree was restricted to the outbound logistical operations of their nearby accomplice in Europe. This joint organization did not have data about items during the time spent make their first caution was the point at which an item was prepared to be dispatched from the industrial facility entryway. In the outcome of the commonly compelled extent of mediating the idea of "consistent end-to-end channel administration" was long ways past genuine practice and in reality some separation even past yearnings (Ignatius Catharina, 2011). Empowering Influences and Inhibitors The examination found that various components can either serve to empower or repress supply chain management relying upon the specific situation and the route in which the element is used. The case investigates distinguished three center empowering agents and inhibitors, the comprehension of which is vital to transforming supply chain talk into reality. These are straightforwardness of data and information; supply chain conduct; and execution estimation. The outcomes in connection to each are considered thusly. Straightforwardness of data and information. The greater part of our cases outlined a move far from sending forecast in view of here and now information. Or maybe, combined examination of base patterns over the medium-to-long-haul was utilized to give forward-looking conjectures. These were then overlaid with limited time exercises, an approach received, for instance, by some common clients. At the point when judged in these terms we found best case scenario, pockets of good practice instead of entire firm models. Rich data was generally observed to be limited to explicitly distinguished clients specifically social settings. For instance, augmented cooperative arranging, determining and recharging practices had been induced with one inward client inside one of the market-orientated supply groups at Zara Clothing Co. Indeed, even where this happened, the constancy of such special courses of action was powerless against disintegration, amendment, and withdrawal. For another situation, a supplier had championed a supplier-managed inventory framework with their significant client. Renewal exercises were driven by client creation plans. The client, nonetheless, appeared to be quicker to surrender the framework than work through new issues. A further gauging refinement was endeavored by one upstream, segment supplier. An application was acquainted with amalgamate segment deals' estimates at the framework level. This gave a more precise forecast of future deals since collected information could be thought about against outside market patterns. The force behind this venture was clients' propensity to over-conjecture their necessities to secure supply in this quickly developing commercial center when they knew producing limit was rare. Supply chain conduct. Overwhelmingly, conventional entomb and intra-hierarchical limits remain basically in place. Dyadic purchaser supplier connections remained the backbone of supply communications. These were supplemented by an assortment of bolster parts whether renewal or item improvement focused (Jung Leslie, 2014). Clear power differentials existed inside purchasing basic leadership units, especially inside retail associations. There was generous confirmation of endeavors to separate conventional components of purchaser supplier transaction from "shared" exercises. Client focused key-account management structures had advanced to "face up" to real clients. Be that as it may, such alleged "man-to-man stamping" on the client side, frequently prompted more noteworthy intra-hierarchical many-sided quality. The most complex system of supply connections we examined was found inside Zara Clothing Co. Twenty-six parallel business line groups were in charge of executing request satisfaction exercises for their separate markets. Each of these cross-useful management groups was mindful for the sourcing, scope organization and operational control of mechanically comparable semiconductor items through a typical design of assembling and test operations. Be that as it may, dealing with the intra-connections be tween these authoritative units and a remotely confronting deals association (to give a solitary purpose of client contact) raised inward co-appointment challenges. Where limit traversing master "in-plants" where utilized, these had a tendency to be in "bordering" associations (i.e. supplier-client). There was a wide assortment of parts, from venture experts dealing with data framework co-improvements and information investigators taking care of limited time assessments to products dispatch handlers and expert merchandisers. While the utilizing organizations' pronounced clear advantages from these connections, the extent of individual parts was regularly compelled and problematic. Special exercises, progressively basic inside UK various retailers, made extra difficulties. These arranged occasions ordinarily produced and inspired from the base request of 70-100% (Kamran Haris, 2012). Such request incitement required durable supply chain arranging if on-rack accessibility was to be maintained. Be that as it may, such was the cut and pushed of business rivalry that advancements were oftentimes not pre-declared to marked suppliers inspired by a paranoid fear of a contender grabbing the activity. Rather, local security stocks were held trying to support supply congruity. Execution estimation. The dominating strategy for execution estimation was the utilization of KPIs that fell down from top-level business goals and measures, through the association into a progression of practical measures. The elective strategy found in only two cases was the utilization of an adjusted record (Balanced Scorecard), which, on account of Zara Clothing Co., was complex. In any case, even the BSC was fell down from business goals to practical destinations. Another supplier tried to attempt and keep the BSC for various exercises at the "most astounding" level conceivable. For example, the BSC for distribution was for a whole area and not at individual level. Nonetheless, the management observed it to be an insufficient apparatus for dealing with the operation of the clothing company and the provincial supervisor in conjunction with the other directors were building up a cross breed framework that deliberate local execution. Besides, the course, while appearing to be famou sly sensible in connecting measurements, has the trap that the entirety of the parts does not liken to the entirety. Very frequently, measurements sought after at a utilitarian level for the advantage of practical targets endangered the execution of the supply chain as a totality (Melnyk, 2000). A decent case was found in the attire organization. The execution estimation framework utilized in this supply chain was model in many regards. Measurements were gathered at all phases in the supply chain day by day, week by week, month to month and quarterly and were effectively checked on through phone calls, eye to eye gatherings, and business audit gatherings. The arrangement and substance were indistinguishable over the supply chain and the measures were utilized to drive execution change and furthermore remunerate. What's more, with reward, in this lies the peril (Sweeney, 2007). There has been a move in the course of the most recent ten years or so towards measurements that are SMART (specific, measureable, attainable, realistic and timely). This has driven administrators (especially center directors) to expect focuses on that are completely inside their traverse of control. This, thus, prompts practically determined conduct. Zara had measures that demonstrated that they reliably accomplished their 3-day conveyance target. Nonetheless, as a general rule, for the specimen concentrated, the huge dominant part of requests was conveyed after the date the client had initially asked for, and by and large they were 16 days late. They were just measured with respect to the supply chain they were responsible for and not on what the client really needed (Robert Timothy, 2011). Conclusion Regardless of incredible advance in demonstrating and arrangement abilities, there are as yet numerous zones for changes and for future research in SCM and Advanced Planning. While the issues confronting a hierarchical supply chain are mostly tended to in research regions related to the combination of individual associations, our insight in regards to process introduction and arrangement ahead of time crosswise over organization outskirts is still in its earliest stages. As we have called attention to the fundamental arithmetic is worried as well as interdisciplinary research joining software engineering, bookkeeping, and authoritative hypothesis, etc.research endeavors which especially parallel the difficulties organizations confront when giving SCM something to do. Some of these exploration inquiries are tended to in this component issue. The challenges and solutions of the supply chain (SC) of Zara Clothing Company are summarized in the table below. SCM issues in Zara Clothing Company Challenges Proposed Solutions Globalization of the supply chain function. Exclusive worldwide track using over 40 localities, 26 logistics hubs, plus 12 manufacturing centers. Quality and safe (non-toxic) products Excellent quality begins by choosing the right resource, determining the correct fabrication technique consistent with universal values, then assessing or substantiating the product. Shorter time, fewer inventory and improved output The company should have a facility for projects in addition to optimization of procedures, which emphasizes on increasing production then pulling down storage costs. Bibliography Amit Sinha, William P. Millhiser, Yuanjie He, 2016. Matching supply with demand in supply chain management education. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 27(3), pp. 837-861. Anne Laakkonen, Juha Kansikas, 2011. Evolutionary selection and variation in family businesses. Management Research Review, 34(9), pp. 980-995. Byoung-Chun Ha, Hyunjeong Nam, 2016. Ethical judgments in supply chain management: a scenario analysis. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 31(1), pp. 59-69. Elangovan, G. Sundararaj, S.R. Devadasan, P. Karuppuswamy, 2011. Development of futuristic supply chain risk management pilot strategies for achieving loss reduction in manufacturing organisations. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 6(2), pp. 39-51. Elliot Simangunsong, Linda C. Hendry, Mark Stevenson, 2016. Managing supply chain uncertainty with emerging ethical issues. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 36(10), pp. 1272-1307. Gensheng (Jason) Liu, George D. Deitz, 2011. Linking supply chain management with mass customization capability. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management, 41(7), pp. 668-683. Hugos, M. H., 2006. Essentails of Supply Chain Management. 2nd, illustrated ed. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Ignatius Srianta, Catharina Yayuk Trisnawati, 2011. Implementation of business planning project with experiential approach: A case study of entrepreneurship teaching to non?business students. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 6(4), pp. 325-333. Jung Eun Lee , Leslie Stoel, 2014. 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Philosophy of language Speech act theory

Abstract Speech acts are the basis on which day to day communications amongst humans is founded. It was however not until the mid 20th century that proper studies were carried out on this topic (Sosa Villanueva 2006). Over the years there have been heated debates and discussions on the topic particularly under the influence of the works philosophers such as J.L Austin and John Searle. The theory of speech acts has since then come to achieve importance in other fields aside from philosophy (Platts 1989).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of language: Speech act theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The speech act theory has come to be recognized as very important in everyday life and particularly after the revelation by scholars that these speech acts do much more than describing reality. Studies that have taken place over the years since the speech act theory was proposed have come to distinguish the p hilosophy of language as an entity different from other philosophies (Platts 1989). An understanding of the speech act theory has also come to establish some basic structuring for the field of linguistics. This structure includes some various aspects used to describe reality. This essay seeks to elaborate on the concept of the speech act theory. To this end, an analysis of the works of the original proponents of the theory shall be provided. This shall basically summarize the works of John Searle and J.L. Austin. A further analysis of the theory shall be presented under the guide of the works of modern day philosophers. Introduction Speech acts are a set of actions that are performed through uttering of sounds with an aim of conveying a particular meaning; meanings which are characteristically linked to that combination of sounds. It is a well known fact that when an individual speaks, he/se wants to pass across a particular meaning and that whatever that individual says, or the set of sounds that come from his/her mouth already have an associated meaning. According to proponents of this theory, in order for one to have an understanding of a particular language, he/she must first comprehend the intention of the speakers of the said language when they use a particular combination of sounds. This theory is based on the simple premise that speech is an act in itself. The various combinations of sounds (speech) used to convey a particular meaning are not merely used to designate but they are self standing actions. J.L Austin’s study on speech acts J.L. Austin is one of the key proponents of the speech act theory and most of his work on the topic was published in 1978 after his death by his students in a book known as how to do things with words. Though this publication cannot be fully taken as Austin’s work it is a general representation of his views and there is a chance that his opinions would not have differed much had he published the book himsel f. According to Austin utterance was an act in itself. According to Austin (1978) there are two major distinctions of speech acts viz: constatives and perfomatives.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Constatives are those utterances that tend to present reality as it is and can therefore be described as either true or false. Perfomatives on the other hand are described as either felicitous or infelicitous. Austin however comes to the agreement that a majority of statements are basically perfomative. This basically means that most people when speaking they are participating in one form of action or other. According to Austin, â€Å"Performing a locutionary act †¦ is roughly equivalent to uttering a certain sentence with a certain sense and reference, which is again equivalent to meaning in the traditional sense. Second, we said that we also perform illocutionary acts such as infor ming, ordering, warning, undertaking, etc., i.e. utterances which have a certain conventional force. Thirdly, we may also perform perlocutionary acts: what we bring about or achieve by saying something, such as convincing, persuading, deterring and even, say, surprising or misleading† (1978). According to Austin, the action that the speaker is involved is in essence, forming some realities that can only make sense when placed within the context of a particular society. For example, when one uses a definite perfomative sentence such as â€Å"I declare him the president† in the case of an election vote tallying in which the individual is confirming which contestant won the seat, he/she is in essence modeling an instance of social reality. That is, in this particular context, a leadership figure. J.L. Austin came up with three major characteristics or features of utterances which start with the basic structuring or words and conclude with the impact of those words on the a udience being targeted. These were locutionary acts, illocutionanary acts and perlocutionary acts. Locutionary acts are basically normal sentences that are aimed at conveying a particular meaning while illocutionary acts are those statements that carry some characteristic of force (such as warning and ordering). Perlocutionary acts are the end results of utterances i.e what is achieved as a consequence of saying something. These perlocutionary acts include persuasion and surprising. The major focus of Austin’s study was on illocutionary acts. This is because statements in this category clearly explaining the concept of performance as an aspect of speech. For instance a statement like â€Å"Don’t drink and drive† possesses the forceful nature of a warning. The same statement can be framed in such a way that it is a definite perfomative act, for example â€Å"The president is warning you, don’t drink and drive.† The person being addressed may hear th e utterance and receive it as a warning, then the person can be said to have been warned. This does not however mean that the person will behave in a way that will correspond to the warning. This therefore means that illocutionary acts such as the statement shown above can not be classified on a true/false basis. Austin in his studies insisted that individuals should understand that while analyzing a sentence, the focus should not be on the sentence itself but rather on how it is uttered.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of language: Speech act theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His maintenance that any utterance should be considered a performance act basically depended on the premise that analyzing a sentence or its constitutent words (locutionary acts) without placing them in the proper social context ended up explaining the net effect of the communication (illocutionary act) insufficiently (Sos a Villanueva 2006). This disregard of social context also greatly compromises the explanation of the effect of the utterance on the target audience (perlocutionary acts) Austin and other scholars of the speech-act theory have always strived to explain their ideas by use of what can be described as imaginary examples. In their arguments the social context of a statement is ignored in order to make literal point. Later, the same social context is added to the utterance in a way basic statements appear very complicated. In order to illustrate how utterances (perfomances) operate Austin summarized the illocutionary act as F(p). In this particular expression, F is the force behind the illocutionary act and p is proposition that the utterance is making John Searle and speech acts John Searle is one of the major philosophers who did an extensive study the speech act theory following its inception by J.L. Austin. He majorly focused his work around studies on illocutionary, locutionary and p erlocutionary acts. His findings suggested that an illocutionary act is said to have happened whenever someone talks or writes to another person (Searle, 1989). According to him illuctionary acts form the basis of all linguistic communication. He also agreed that an illocutionary act has to be intentional in its underlying nature. This basically means that a person has to have a reason for speaking and would not make an utterance if he/she did not intend to achieve something out of the action (Tsohatazidis 2007). The person being addressed also has a major part to play if the illocutionary act is said to have achieved its purpose. This hearer should be able to understand the intention of the speaker’s utterance by picking meaning from an already established way of decoding utterances (Searle, 1989). This is what is referred to as a perlocutionary effect. For example, an individual may say something like â€Å"Drive the car† with the intention that the hearer will recei ve this communication as a command and also that t hearer will respond by driving the car. However, according to Searle’s findings a speech act may end up affecting the hearer in a different way from the initial intention of the speaker. For instance, the speaker may say â€Å"Drive the car,† and the hearer may choose not to perform the action commanded and instead make his/her response by saying â€Å"I don’t feel like driving, you drive it yourself.†Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This according to Searle reveals that illocutionary acts are inherently intentional and is the basis on which meaning is founded. Perlocutionary depending on the circumstances in which they present may either be intentional or unintentional. This stand by Searle has in recent times been the subjects of debate. Individuals who do not support this stand have argued that it is the perlocutionary act that actually defines the intentions of the speaker. Though language can be used in uncountable ways, Searle in his literature proposes that there just a few things that can be accomplished by use of language. In the F(p) basic structuring of illocutionary acts, the propositional aspect of an utterance can take very many forms (Searle, 1989).. However Searle’s contention comes in the number of forces behind an illocutionary act. Searle suggests that the number of verbs that describe the eventual effect of the illocutionary act on the hearer limits the number of forces behind illocuti onary acts (McDowell 1980). In order to ensure that the argument on the forces behind the illocutionary acts is not merely based on the verbs associated with the act, Searle brings about the concept of the illocutionary point. The illocutionary point according to Searle is what the speaker when he/she performs an illocutionary act. This presents in the form of a verb aimed at describing the action that the sentence is involved in. this is basically the same as a schema that had been set earlier by Searle’s predecessor, J.L Austin (Tsohatazidis 2007). Searle in his studies on speech acts proposed the classification of illutionary points into five different categories, Viz.: Assertives, Directives, Commissives, Expressives and Declaratives (Searle, 1989). Assertives. These are the kind of utterances that can either be judged as true or false. This because statements in such categories are mainly intendended to describe how things are in the physical world. Directives. These ar e utterances that intended at making the hearer respond in the same way that the particular statements are proposing. Commissives. These are utterances that demand that the hearer makes a commitment to the action being proposed by the speaker. Expressives. These are utterances that basically define how sincere the illocutionary act is. Declaratives: These are utterances that are intended at making changes to the world. They achieve this by defining the world as having undergone some changes. From the above classifications, Searle concluded that when an individual is speaking or writing, he/she can be said to be doing one or a number of the following actions: â€Å"Asserting, directing, commiserating, expressing or declaring† (McDowell 1980). Searle also declared that the force behind an illocutionary act comes about as a result of the speaker’s intentions. It is only when the hearer derives meaning from the illocutionary point/force that communication can be said to h ave taken place. Foundation of the speech act theory The best way to analyze the features that form the foundation of the speech act theory is to make a comparison between it and other theories that are presented in the philosophy of language. This part of the essays shall take into consideration the relations between speech acts and aspects like semantics, grammar and meaning. Any act that is presented by observable behavior takes place with an underlying intention. When a speaker says â€Å"you will go to school next week†, generally leaves the person being addressed wondering whether the utterance should be regarded as an order or as a prediction. This statement does not clearly describe the force behind it and hence the unexplained questions. There may be many theories may strive to explain the meaning behind the statement above, it is clear that the speakers intention was to state that the addressee will go to school in the following week (McDowell 1980). If someone asks what the force of the wording in sentence will essentially be seeking to know whether the statement should be received as an order or as a prediction (Michael 2007). He/She (addressee) would therefore not be particularly asking the speaker to add more explanations to the content of the statement. However whether the statement intended to issue an order or make a prediction will only be determined by some details within the statement that were not elaborated. From this proposal, the speaker may have meant either of these two things: 1) â€Å"I predict that you will go to school next week† or 2) I command you to go to school next week. In order to avoid contradictions arising as a result of an individual saying one thing while in essence he/she means another would require the understanding that for a single speech act to occur, a number of different utterances have to be made. Force and content as independent aspects Generally, a proposition on its own is not enough to elicit a particular response from the addressee. For example, by just suggesting that coal is black cannot be regarded as a comprehensive speech act. This is because for a speech act to be seen to have occurred, an illocutionary force has to be included alongside the proposition. This illocutionary force may present in the form of a command, an inquiry, an assertion, and so on (Kriptke 1980). It is by the nature or this illocutionary force that individuals can point out the unifying element in the following three statements, â€Å"You are driving the car†, â€Å"Are you driving the car?†, and â€Å"Drive the car!† The common factor amongst all the three sentences is the fact that the car is being to driven, with the first statement being an assertion, the second being an inquiry and the third being a command. It can also be said that the components of a communicative act will basically dictate the force of the particular act. That is why when someone says â€Å"you wi ll go to school nest week† it is impossible to find out the force behind the statement. However, the relationship between force and the components of a statement can be seen to be symbiotic in the sense that the force of an utterance can also determine the content of the statement (McDowell 1980). The is the basic distinguishing factor between speech act theory and other theories is that speech act theory analyzes statements in terms of two constituent components, viz., content and force. Speech acts and the existence of things/ideas Speech acts have to be distinguished from acts of speech. This is because an individual can perform a speech act such as making an inquiry without necessarily having to make an utterance (Michael 2007). For instance, a shrugging of shoulders can easily be used to mean that the individual is not aware of what is being asked. In the same way, one can make an utterance without it being a considered a speech act. For example, when one is testing a mic rophone, he/she can speak into the equipment without intending for anyone to respond to the message. In general, it is agreeable that in some instances, things can be made to be by simply saying that they should be (Michael 2007). It is physically impossible to say that a person can lose weight by simply saying it. However an individual can promise to buy someone a present by simply making the statement, â€Å"I promise to buy you a present.† The same can be used when religious leaders consolidate marriages, where it is common to here pastors and church ministers say, â€Å"I hereby declare you man and wife.† Such types of speech acts can actually happen without the speaker saying that he/she is performing the act. Components of illocutionary force Searle and Vanderveken (1985) strived to clearly distinguish between illocutionary forces that are used by the speakers of a particular language from all the illocutionary forces possible. In their publication, Searle and Va nderveken identified seven features that can be used to differentiate illocutionary forces. These are explained below: Illocutionary point. This is the basic intention of the speaker by the performance of a particular speech act. For example, the basic intention of a question is to invoke a person to respond in a suitable way. Strength of the illocutionary point. Two illocutionary acts may basically be trying to make the same point (Warnock 1989). However, the strength of the illocutionary force behind the two statements is what will be used to set the two apart. For example when someone requests an explanation and when he/she insists that an explanation be given, both statements will be aimed at getting the person being addressed to offer the explanation. However, insisting is stronger than requesting. Achievement mode. Various illocutionary points of a speech act have different special ways in which they are achieved. For instance, when one testifies that a certain service is the best and when he/she asserts the same, both utterances will be aimed at making a description of the service (Warnock 1989). However, testifying asserts the speaker has been a witness to the quality of service, while asserting does not necessarily require that he/she be a witness. The same can be said of ordering and requesting in the sense that both are intended at getting the person being addressed to do something only that when making an order the speaker has to be in an authoritative position (Kriptke 1980). Contents of the proposition. In some instances, illocutionary statements can only make sense provided the propositional composition of the statement is well accounted for (Recanati 1987). For example an individual can make a promise about something provided it happens in the future and it is within his/her control (Michael 2007). This essentially means that the person cannot promise something that has already happened. Preparatory conditions. This is the sum total of all the factors that must be taken into consideration for the speech act to be seen to have effectively taken place (Recanati 1987). These conditions however mostly depend on the social status of all the parties involved in the performance of the interlocution act. For instance, an individual cannot appoint a person unless he/she already has been given the power to do so by the institution in which he/she is in (Kriptke 1980). Conditions of sincerity. A majority of speech acts are a mainly performed with intention of expressing a particular chain of events in the psychology of the speakers. For instance, a question will express inquiry and an apology illustrates regret (Recanati 1987). A speech act is said to be sincere only if the speaker and his/her speech act are in the same level of psychological conditions. Strength of the conditions of sincerity. When analyzed from a certain viewpoint, two speech acts may be seen to be exactly the same (Recanati 1987). However, they may be seen to be different when viewed in terms of their psychological states. When a person makes a request and when he/she implores, both actions can be said to illustrate some element of desire (Warnock 1989). However, imploring tends to suggest a stronger level of desire for the particular need than a request. According to Searle and Vanderveken, all illocutionary forces can be analyzed based on the above seven aspects. Two illocutionary forces will be seen to be identical if they have the same levels of the seven values discussed above. Grammatical mood and force The relationship between the content of a speech act and the force behind the illocution can be described as symbiotic in the sense that one influences the other. However, some extraneous factors such as the grammatical mood can also be seen to influence the force of the utterance (Michael 2007). The statement â€Å"you will go to school tomorrow† is at basic level in the indicative mood grammatically. However, this grammatical mood cannot determine the force of the statement. This also applies to other moods. If someone hears another person say â€Å"drive the car†, he/she cannot immediately tell whether the person is issuing a command or just making an assertion. If the statement happens to be an assertion, then the speaker will have used the imperative mood. The same relationship can be seen with the interrogative mood. For instance, when a person hears another say â€Å"which visitors are coming†, he/she cannot immediately know whether the speaker has asked a question or whether it is just a statement. The speaker may have been saying â€Å"Patricia is wondering which visitors are coming.† Force conventionalism According to studies conducted by some philosophers in order for a speech act to happen, some form of convention will have to be applied (Warnock 1989). For instance for the statement â€Å"I promise to take you out for lunch† to regarded as a promise, all the words u sed in the statement must be in tandem with their conventional implications. There should also be an already established convention that establishes that when used in a particular way this set of words constitutes a promise (Warnock 1989). Conclusion Since J.L Austin did studies on the speech act theory in 1962, various philosophers have followed on his findings and even gone ahead to broaden the discussions on the subject. Most of the professionals in this school of thought have unanimously support the original findings by Austin that all forms of utterances are essentially independent actions in themselves. Another conclusion that has been agreed upon by a majority of modern day philosophers is that communication cannot occur if all the components of a speech act are not availed which implies that the speech act itself does not take place. In conclusion, it is worth noting that since the inclusion of the speech act theory in the field of philosophy has come to over the years chang e the definition of communicative practices as were hitherto known. The inclusion of propositional content and illocutionary forces into the study has served to not only enable sentences bear meaning but also provide explanations as to why statements that seem inherently alike may be defined as different. This essay has analyzed the speech act theory in detail. A summary of the work of J.L Austin has been provided followed by a summary of the work of his successor John Searle. A further review of the major concepts of the speech act theory has been presented based around literature by later-day philosophy scholars. The theory of speech acts is in itself a wide field of study in itself and could only be briefly detailed in this essay. Reference List Austin, J.L. 1978. Logic and language. Oxford: Blackwell Kriptke, A.S. 1980. Naming and necessity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press McDowell, J. 1980. Meaning, communication, and knowledge. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Michael, M. 2007. An Introduction to the Philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Platts, M. 1979. Ways of Meaning: an introduction to a philosophy of language. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Recanati, F. 1987. Meaning and Force: The Pragmatics of Performative Utterances. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Searle, R.J. 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Searle, R.J. Vanderveken. 1985. Foundations of Illocutionary Logic. CUP Archive. Sosa, E. Villanueva, E. 2006. Philosophy of Language. Boston MA: Blackwell Tsohatazidis, S. 2007. John Searle’s philosophy of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Warnock, G.J. 1989. J.L. Austin: Arguments of the philosophers history workshop  series. United Kingdom: Taylor Francis This essay on Philosophy of language: Speech act theory was written and submitted by user Bo B. to help you with your own studies. 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